An unusual presentation results in an unusual diagnosis.

Root-canal therapy was chosen to avoid surgery on the patient mentioned in the first two parts of this series. While root canal is very successful, not all cases respond. Additional therapy may be required.

When weighing the therapeutic options in treating this unusual gingival lesion, there are several considerations to explore.

This is the first article in a series of case presentations designed to address a variety of oral conditions and discuss the pathophysiology involved.

Dental radiology is the cornerstone of quality veterinary dentistry.

Veterinary dental radio-graphy traditionally has been one of the most frustrating aspects of veterinary dentistry.

Feline chronic gingivo-stomatitis is a painful oral condition in cats that therapeutically has only responded predictably to surgical extraction of all premolars and molars.

Oral surgery in canine and feline patients often requires extended periods of anesthesia necessitating optimal anesthetic management.

Six of the most common agents used for managing pain associated with oral surgery in dogs and cats will be discussed in this third article of a series on pain management. They are the opioids (opiates), the Cox-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), the 5-Lox selective NSAIDs, the alpha-2 agonists, the NMDA-receptor antagonists and the serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.